Dave thanks for the link. I have listened to both recordings, transcribed the pertinent transmissions and here are my thoughts. First, my opinion is just that, but it is based on 26 years as a controller and hundreds of such investigations.
(Note: the times I list are not clock times. They are minutes into the recording. The entire event covers approximately 32 minutes from initial contact with GSO Approach to radar contact lost.)
2:56 Aircraft checked in with GSO. He sounded fine. Asked about assigned runway and acknowledged the ATIS.
5:14 Aircraft advised ATC he had a request and confirmed runway assignment.
10:40 Aircraft given a heading for sequence into GSO.
13:20 Aircraft given frequency change. Response was normal and there was no indication of any problem.
13:49 A/C checked in on new frequency. Sounded fine.
15:14 A/C issued 3000. Responded fine “5 for 3, 6HT”
17:48 A/C issued traffic. He acknowledged normally and advised ATC he was going IMC. No indication of concern.
18:27 A/C was told traffic was no longer a factor, issued a heading and acknowledged all normally.
18:50 A/C reported level at 3000. No problem indicated.
19:09 A/C asked if ATC wanted him to stay at 3000. No problem noticed.
20:20 A/C issued approach clearance. He acknowledged heading, altitude and the clearance. No problems noted.
22:35 A/C asked “how do you like this route of flight?” (He seemed to realize that he was not on the localizer and got a vector to re-establish.)
This is also when he asked Right or Left to 360 (the heading given to re-establish on the localizer). He did not seem confused at all; instead the query seemed to be asking if it was a Left to reestablish from where he was or a Right, the long way around, for resequencing for a new approach. This would be pertinent to the rules about where you must be established on the localizer relative to the final approach fix. I saw it as a germane question based on his knowledge of where he was on the approach (which I do not know). I did not notice any consternation or concern in his voice. Actually, just the opposite. It appeared to me that he know he blew the “turn on” (and I can’t tell you how routine this is) and was asking for assistance to get back on the localizer.
23:24 A/C asked for vectors to final “if it would be possible.”
23:48 A/C again requested vector to final and was asked if he was on the Localizer. He responded saying “I believe I am”, but the controller told him he went through and he requested vectors for final.
24:17 ATC canceled the approach clearance and issued a heading and altitude for sequencing.
Again, the pilot sounded perfectly calm. Nothing in his voice alerted me to any imminent problem.
27:17 ATC asked the A/C if he was on a 230 heading. Response was “Neagative, and 36HT is close to…” (transmission was cut off).
27:40 A/C again requested vectors and was told he had to be level at 3000, that the altitude was showing 2500. Issued the altimeter. A/C acknowledged “6HT climbing to 3”. (Mikes note: This is the time I would have started thinking this guy was not a very good pilot, but again, nothing in his voice inflection told me he was stressed out about anything. If he was, this would have been the opportune time to tell me that he was having issues.)
28:00 A/C was asked if he was on a 230 heading now.
28:31 Altitude verified as 2900 and confirmed by pilot. This was a clear indicator that he had control and was climbing the aircraft as instructed.
29:31 ATC asked if the pilot could accept a no gyro vector to final (note: controller seemed to realize the guy was having a problem getting turned onto final by himself)
Pilot said that he could accept the turn and again did not exhibit any distress.
29:29 A/C was given a left turn. No acknowledgement.
29:44 A/C was instructed to maintain at least 2500. No acknowledgement.
30:01 A/C was issued a right turn. Acknowledged. Also, reported level at 2500. (In my opinion the pilot’s voice sounded like he had everything under control)
30:33 ATC issues Low Altitude Alert. No acknowledgement.
31:12/(1:05 into second recording) ATC issues climb to 4000 to “see if I can get you back up above the clouds.” No acknowledgement.
1:46 (second recording) ATC asked 36HT take the climb and reported the last tops report at 3500. No acknowledgement.
2:33 A/C asked if there is a nearby field for 36HT and was told GSO was the nearest, off his left wing, 7 miles. He was also given GSO weather.
3:10 Sounds of impact.
Attempts to contact A/c.
4:36 Radar contact lost issued.
Now my opinion. Up until the last few seconds, this was a routine general aviation flight. Nothing would have indicated, in any way, that this pilot needed special handling or was having any problems. The pilot clearly did not indicate such. His transmissions did not exhibit any undue stress that would have alerted me to any issues. Even his going through final was nothing more than an indicator that he was having problems capturing the localizer. Definitely not an emergent situation. A QA person might say that the controller had some phraseology errors (there are always those) but I could find no fault (given the limited information I have) on the part of ATC. The controller initiated no gyro vectors when it seemed the pilot was having trouble with the turn on to final, he issued a “check altitude” when necessary, he issued a Low Altitude Alert when required.
As far as I could see, everything was pretty routine all the way up to and including 30:01. Then, from 30:01 to 30:33 something happened causing the A/C to get to an unsafe altitude (still not advising ATC of any problem).
Then, at 2:33 (second recording) he asks about an airport and 37 seconds later it is effectively over.
I believe, based solely on this information, that ATC did their job, and did it well. I did not see the application, or misapplication of any law/rule/regulation that contributed to this situation. I do not the believe the controller was too busy to have handled this flight normally, because until the last few seconds, it was just that, a normal flight. I cannot think of anything that I believe should have been done that wasn’t, and I also do not believe there was anything that, if done different, would have changed the outcome of the event.